Controles y equilibrios de poder en las comunidades de chimpancés: ¿puede aplicarse la teoría de Polibio?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36151/DALPS.053Palabras clave:
Equilibrio de fuerzas, organización jerárquica, anaciclosis, empatía, macho-alpha y controles y equilibriosResumen
Nuestros parientes más cercanos son los chimpancés (Pan troglodytes), con quienes compartimos un acervo biológico y de pautas conductuales que permite una aproximación analítica a una perspectiva más objetiva y menos influida por factores emocionales, de las estructuras de poder y su evolución. Su organización social, caracterizada por una compleja red de interacciones, permite la formación de grupos de hasta ciento cincuenta individuos, lo que exige mecanismos efectivos de cohesión interna, la consolidación de pautas de comportamiento preestablecidas y la implementación de parámetros estandarizados de conducta. El presente estudio se centra en las dinámicas de poder dentro de estas comunidades, prestando atención tanto a los mecanismos de acceso al liderazgo como a las estructuras de contrapoder que operan de manera silenciosa pero decisiva. Estas últimas resultan fundamentales para la regulación del orden interno, ya que permiten la sustitución de líderes cuando estos dejan de desempeñar su función con eficacia. Desde una perspectiva teórica, el análisis de estas estructuras puede vincularse con la teoría de la anaciclosis formulada por Polibio, según la cual los sistemas de gobierno están sujetos a ciclos de transformación y degeneración. En este contexto, las dinámicas de contrapoder en las sociedades de chimpancés pueden interpretarse como un mecanismo correctivo que mitiga la concentración del poder en los machos alfa, preservando así espacios de autonomía individual y evitando la perpetuación de liderazgos autoritarios.
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